When speaking about graphene, we must first state the all-natural mineral graphite that is extensively existing in our life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a split product, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are organized layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the very same layer “hold hands” and are carefully connected, yet the mix of carbon atoms in between different layers is loose, like a stack of playing cards. With a mild push, the cards will certainly glide apart.
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From the perspective of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, steel crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the very same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is connected to three various other carbon atoms, and 6 carbon atoms develop a routine hexagonal ring on the very same aircraft, stretching to create a sheet framework.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, after that graphene is just one of the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional product made up of a single layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains concerning 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is tough to peel off a single layer structure.
Greater than two decades ago, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the College of Manchester in the UK, thought that there need to be a method to acquire a solitary layer of graphite.
Exactly how can a solitary layer of graphite be peeled off? Scientists took a very “straightforward and crude” method – sticking it with tape.
“Similar to when we create a typo on paper, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, scientists boldly connect that if tape can stay with the surface area of paper, can it additionally adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was split right into two. Although the thickness of graphite right now is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, scientists have actually verified the feasibility of this approach – each time the tape is made use of, the graphite ends up being thinner. By insisting on utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation method” to duplicate the operation, they ultimately acquired a thin sheet including only one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nonetheless, this method of repeatedly exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to obtain graphene has low production efficiency and can just be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later, with the enhancement of scientific and technological degrees, the preparation approach of graphene has likewise made great progression. At present, along with this standard physical and mechanical peeling approach, there are likewise numerous techniques for preparing graphene, such as redox approach, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, and so on
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